# Data Publication

The publication of research is a central issue in science. Beside traditional scientific papers, data publication became more important in the past years. Research data are stored and published by data journals, central (thematic) data repositories or in open databases (e.g., university). To provide proper findability, reusability and citeability of these data, (persistent) identifiers are necessary, e.g. to assign data sets or authors to research. Most significant is the:

# DataCite, DOI

The DOI system became the standard for information and documentation (ISO 26324:2012). In the DOI system the object is identified unambiguously to its institution (prefix). There is no limit of the length of either suffix or prefix. For example, all DOI, which are provided by BonaRes Data Centre, have the prefix: 10.20387. Metadata can be associated with the object.

Persistent identifier (PI)

Persistent individual digital identifiers for authors and researchers can be used as name lists for creator and contributor names e.g. in DataCite. Examples are:

ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID), Scopus (Elsevier), Publons (Clarivate Analytics, Thomas Reuters), LinkedIn, ResearchGate, ISNI (ISO 27729:2012 International Standard Name Identifier) and the Handle system. The last was implemented into the digital object identifier (DOI), specified by the US-standard ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2005 and managed by the DOI Foundation. Further PIs are Persistent URL (PURL), Uniform Resource Name (URN), Archival Resource Keys (ARK), and Extensible Resource Identifier (XRI). More information is given by Juha Hakala, 2010 [1].

Taxonomies for author contributions to science

# CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy)

This taxonomy aims to provide transparency to the contributions of researchers to published work, to enable discoverability and to improve attribution, credit, and accountability. There are 14 categories defined for author’s contribution.

# IGSN (International Geo Sample Number)

Alphanumeric code to provide transparency to the contributions of researchers to scholarly published work, to enable discoverability and to improve attribution, credit, and accountability.

# Data journals and publication portals:

# (selected overview)

A review of efficient and enhanced publishing, dissemination, sharing and reuse of bio-diversity data are given by Chavan and Penev (2011) [2]. Data publication in data journals are classified as “pure” publish data papers only and journals classified as “mixed” publish both.

# Biodiversity Data Journal

# (Pensoft)

This journal is community peer-reviewed and Open-Access. It is in accordance with the Data Publishing Policies and Guidelines of Pensoft Publishers. Important standards for this Journal: related data must have DOI or other persistent identifier, XML.

# CODATA Data Science Journal

# (Ubiquity Press)

This open access and peer-reviewed data journal is open for papers on data management, (re)use and databases across all research domains, technology and arts.

# Earth System Science Data

# (Copernicus Publications)

International, interdisciplinary journal for the publication of articles on original research data (sets). Important standards for this Journal: Dataset with persistent identifier; OAI-PMH; Metadata in Dublin Core format (oai-dc), full-text XML.

# Ecological Archives / Data Papers

# (Ecologigal Society of America, ESA)

Provides and hosts supplemental material to ESA articles. Data is registered in official Data Registry of the ESA. Data are fully peer reviewed, technical review of data and metadata. Data ingest as text format. Important standards for this Journal: Metadata following [3].

# F1000 Research

# (F1000 Research Ltd, Science Navigation Group)

Data articles are citable and authors are credited when data are reused. Important standards for this Journal: CC0, no explicit standards but guidelines for different datasets, metadata of date linked to the journal should be, when possible, in standardized machine readable formats (DataCite). Mostly DataCite as well as DOI were important standards used in these Journals. The most important Persistent Identifier (PI) used is the DOI.

# Geoscience Data Journal (Wiley)

Open Access with scientific peer-review. Important standards for this Journal: Linked data must be stored in an approved repository and assigned with DOI.

# GigaScience / BioMed Central

Is an open access, open-data and open peer-review journal concerning research from life and biomedical science.

# Hindawi publishing

# (Hindawi Publishing Corporation)

Was a peer-reviewed and open access journal with dataset papers in all areas of geoscience. The journal ceased new publications in 2017. Important standards for this journal: Content is archived in Portico, LOCKSS.

# Journal of Open Research Software

# (JORS, Software Sustainability Institute)

Publish peer-reviewed (meta-)papers describing research software.

# Journal of Physical and Chemical Research Data

# (AIP Publishing LLC)

Published by the American Institute of Physics (AIP) for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); reviews of measurement techniques, critical data evaluation. Important standards for this Journal: Standard Reference Data Act (Public Law 90-396); Article and supplemented material with DOI.

# OpenAgrar

This repository collects, disseminates and archives publications, including articles, poster, data, books and interviews from different agricultural research institutes in Germany.

# Open Data Journal for Agricultural Research

Is an open access data journal is a hub for storing, curating and publishing agricultural research data sets.

# Publisso

This open access publication portal is operated by ZB MED and provides different publication platforms for scientists, such as journals, books, congresses videos and repositories.

# Data repositories:

# (selected overview)

There are numerous repositories for research data, provided by the private or public domain. Objective of all repositories is to store, archive, manage and/or provide data to the scientific community, scientists and/or institutions. An overview and recommendations of over 2,000 repositories available are published by re3data.org (full scale resource of registered repositories across subject areas).

# B2FIND

This tool helps to find and harvest metadata from EUDAT data centres and other repositories.

# BonaRes Data Portal

Is the web platform that gives access to soil- and agricultural research data. Uploaded data can be found using the spatial, temporal and thematic search options.

# CGIAR

The CGIAR provides different tools to capturing data and managing experiment and agricultural data, e.g. via Field Book Registry.

# Dryad Digital Repository

Dryad is a nonprofit membership organization which governs this data repository. It is a curated open resource for data underlying scientific publications.

# EOSC

The European Open Science Cloud initiative set-up an infrastructure for research data and a knowledge portal for scientists.

# OpenAIRE

This Open-Access infrastructure (EU - Funding Program Horizon 2020) explore publications and data sets, align policies, link research and repositories, and train researchers for open science.

# PANGAEA

# (Data publisher for earth & environmental science)

Is an open access library, data publisher and archive for geo-data in earth- and life sciences. Data are easily accessible, citable and are managed free of charge for data provider and data user.

# Scholix

# (Scholarly Link eXchange)

This initiative links and connects data and metadata. It aims to establish an interoperability framework information exchange between literature and data and to set-up an open information framework to describe and understand what data underpins literature and what literature references data.

# Conflicts and solutions

While the expression of DOI as URN is possible, conversions from DOI into other systems, such as XRI or ARK, are difficult or impossible, respectively. In contrast to URN, DOI goes beyond identifying an electronic manifestation of a resource. The DOI-prefix also identifies the location of access.